SUCKER: It arises from the underground part of stem for some distance it grow below the surface of soil then emerges out as a aerial shoot. It grow from axillary bud it has nodes internodes, scale leaves & adventitious roots Ex. Mint
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PHYLLOCLADES: In xerophytic plants the leaf modified into spines and then the stem become thick fleshy cylindrical and contain chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis this modified stem is called phylloclade it has unlimited growth.
Ex.Opuntia — In this the stem is modified into jointed branched flat fleshy and succulent leaf like structure . Leaves modified into spines and flower born on nodes.
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Epiphytic roots : These roots develop in some orchids which grow as epiphytes upon the trunks of branches of trees .They hang freely in the air and absorb moisture with the help of special sponge like tissue called velamen. Ex. Vanda
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NODULATED ROOTS: The primary branches of the leguminous plants bear nodule like swellings due to the presence of a bacteria named Rhizobium ,this is a symbiotic relationship between plant and bacteria. Plant provide food and shelter to the bacteria & in return bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and provide it to the plant.Ex.All leguminous plants like Pea, Dalbergia, etc
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CELLULAR ENDOSPERM: In this type each nuclear division is followed by cell wall formation. Ex Petunia
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